Discover Nikkei

https://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/series/enduring-communities/

Enduring Communities


Jan. 30, 2008 - May 30, 2014

Enduring Communities: The Japanese American Experience in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah is an ambitious three-year project dedicated to re-examining an often-neglected chapter in U.S. history and connecting it with current issues of today. These articles stem from that project and detail the Japanese American experiences from different perspectives. 



Stories from this series

Exodus -- Clovis, New Mexico

June 4, 2008 • Roy Ebihara

Sunday December 7, 1941, started out as a nice day. The sunlight was streaming through the bedroom window; I didn’t want to get up and go to Sunday school. I suppose it was close to 10:00 a.m. when my father startled everyone by shouting with excitement to my mother. Father always tuned in Radio Hawaii every Sunday a.m. on his shortwave Philco radio. We all rushed to the living room to see what the commotion was all about. He said …

Four Hirabayashi Cousins: A Question of Identity - Part 3 of 5

May 31, 2008 • James A. Hirabayashi

Part 2 >>Gordon Kiyoshi HirabayashiGordon Kiyoshi Hirabayashi’s father, Shungo, together with Grant’s father, Toshiharu, formed the core of the Thomas Mukyokai fellowship. Gordon was born in 1918 in Seattle, but his earliest memories are of living on the farm in Thomas, Washington, next door to his cousin Grant. The family moved to Seattle one winter to escape from the hard farm life, but returned to try farming again at the urging of the Mukyokai group. Gordon’s mother, Mitsu, was concerned …

Japanese Americans in Arizona

May 30, 2008 • Karen J. Leong , Dan Killoren

Today’s Arizona has hosted multiple civilizations for thousands of years. During the first millennium A.D., the Huhugam established villages in Arizona’s Lower Gila Valley and the Sonoran Desert of northern Mexico. Distinct indigenous cultures, including the Maricopa, Navajo, Apache, Walipai, Yavapai, Aravaipai, Pima, Pinal, Chiricahua, Cocopah, Hopi, Havasupai, Pascua Yaqui, Kaibab-Paiute, and Quechan coexisted throughout the area. But with sixteenth-century Spanish colonization and eventual settlements here, tensions flared between colonists and Indian nations. The region underwent more dramatic change in …

Principled Protest

May 29, 2008 • Yosh Kuromiya

February 19, 1942—a day that should live in infamy. It was the day that United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order #9066 allowing military authorities to EXCLUDE anyone from anywhere without trial or hearings. It led to the removal of all Japanese Americans, citizens and aliens alike, from the West Coast and into concentration camps in the interior of our country. We lost our businesses, our possessions, our homes, our friends and neighbors. However, it was not the …

Betrayal on Trial: Japanese American "Treason" in World War II - Part 4 of 4

May 27, 2008 • Eric L. Muller

>> Part 3II. Law, Loyalty, and the “Permanent Source of Moral Danger” The treason trial of the Shitara sisters in 1944 is admittedly but one episode in the American legal history of treason. It is dangerous to reach for broad conclusions about treason law from a sample size of one. As it happens, however, the leading theoretical work on law and loyalty identifies the precise dangers of error and oppression that plagued the prosecution of the Shitara sisters. This theoretical …

Four Hirabayashi Cousins: A Question of Identity - Part 2 of 5

May 24, 2008 • James A. Hirabayashi

Part 1 >>Grant Jiro HirabayashiGrant Jiro Hirabayashi was born in November 1919. He was named after the Rev. Ulysses Grant Murphy, a Methodist minister and former missionary to Japan who befriended the Mukyokai group. Grant’s father, Toshiharu, was considered the most knowledgeable among the Mukyokai fellowship, since he had attended academy in Hotaka longer than any of the others. Grant’s early religious exposure came from his family setting: “My parents made sure we went to church. I had at least …

We’re looking for stories like yours! Submit your article, essay, fiction, or poetry to be included in our archive of global Nikkei stories. Learn More
New Site Design See exciting new changes to Discover Nikkei. Find out what’s new and what’s coming soon! Learn More
Authors in This Series

Eric Bittner, a Certified Archivist of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)—Rocky Mountain Region in Denver, was raised in Colorado and Wyoming. He attended Black Hills State College in Spearfish SD and the University of Wyoming and holds a M.A. degree in American Studies.  Employed at the National Archives since 1988, his duties include reference, record description and inventory, outreach (including workshops for genealogists), and preservation. He is a member of the Society of Rocky Mountain Archivists, Wyoming State Historical Society, & the Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation.

Updated May 2008


Roy Usaku Ebihara, O.D. was born in Clovis, New Mexico on January 11, 1934 in a family with ten siblings.  His father worked for the Santa Fe Railroad and they lived in a “Japanese Camp” on the railroad property.  After the attack on Pearl Harbor, a vigilante group held them in detention in the mountainous area of Southwest New Mexico, followed by incarceration at Topaz, and eventually his family resettled in Cleveland, Ohio.  He served in the U.S. Army for two years immediately post Korean War.  He earned a Doctors Degree in Optometry at the Ohio State University and practiced optometry in Cleveland. Ebihara is now retired, but involved in numerous community services including the Cleveland JACL.

Updated June 2008


Dr. Louis Fiset is an Affiliate Associate Professor at the University of Washington in Seattle. He has published two books and numerous peer reviewed journal essays on the Nikkei experience in World War II. With a current appointment in UW’s Department of Medical Education, Dr. Fiset is the curriculum director for DENTEX, a two-year training program for Alaska Natives (e.g., Eskimos, Aleuts) to provide dental care for fellow villagers in the most remote regions of the Alaska bush.

Update September 2008


Nobusuke Fukuda was born and raised in San Francisco. He was educated at the University of California, MSW degree, and worked as a child welfare administrator before retirement. Fukuda is married with two children and two grandchildren. He is active with the Konko Church of San Francisco, the Boy Scouts of America, Nikkei in Retirement and a founder of the Japanese Bilingual Bicultural Program, San Francisco Unified School District.

Updated May 2008


Donna Graves, the director of Preserving California’s Japantown Project, is an historian and cultural planner based in Berkeley, California.

Updated October 2008


Art Hansen is Professor Emeritus of History and Asian American Studies at California State University, Fullerton, where he retired in 2008 as the director of the Center for Oral and Public History.  Between 2001 and 2005, he served as Senior Historian at the Japanese American National Museum. Since 2018, he has authored or edited four books that focus on the topic of the resistance by Japanese Americans to their unjust World War II oppression by the US government.

Updated August 2023


David M. Hays is an archivist and Director of the US Navy Japanese/Oriental Language School Archival Project at the University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries.

Updated April 2008


James Aikira Hirabayashi (1926-2012) had a distinguished thirty-year academic career at San Francisco State University which included the position of Dean of Undergraduate Studies and the Dean of Ethnic Studies. In the latter position, he is recognized for his pioneering leadership in establishing the nation's first School (now College) of Ethnic Studies. He has also held research and teaching positions at the University of Tokyo, Japan, and University of Zaria, Nigeria, Africa. Over the course of his career, Dr. Hirabayashi also provided guidance and direction to the Japanese American National Museum's educational and curatorial programs which included its collections, exhibitions, public education programs, film, and research.

Updated August 2018


Dr. Gwenn Jensen is a consulting medical anthropologist and oral historian and holds a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Colorado at Boulder. Together with Naomi Hirahara, she co-authored Silent Scars of Healing Hands: Oral Histories of Japanese American Doctors in World War II Detention Camps (2004), a project funded by the Japanese American Medical Association and the California Civil Liberties Public Education Program and published by the Center for Oral and Public History at California State University, Fullerton.

Updated June 2008


Dan Killoren is a Ph.D. history student at Arizona State University.

Updated May 30, 2008


Yosh Kuromiya was born in Sierra Madre, California, in 1923. He was attending Pasadena Junior College when WWII broke out with the bombing of Pearl Harbor. He and his family were incarcerated at the Pomona Assembly Center in Los Angeles County, California and later shipped to Heart Mountain, Wyoming concentration camp. He passed away on July 2018 at age 95. (Photo courtesy of Irene Kuromiya)

Updated July 2018


Karen J. Leong is an associate professor of Women and Gender Studies and director of Asian Pacific American Studies at Arizona State University. She is also co-coordinator of the Japanese Americans in Arizona Oral History Project, a collaboration between the JACL Arizona Chapter and ASU APAS.

Updated May 30, 2008


Dr. Daryl J. Maeda is Assistant Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He has taught college classes on Japanese American incarceration at Oberlin College and previously served as Associate Research Director at Densho: Japanese American Legacy project.

Updated January 30, 2008


Eric L. Muller is the Dan K. Moore Distinguished Professor in Jurisprudence and Ethics at the University of North Carolina School of Law. He is the author of American Inquisition: The Hunt for Japanese American Disloyalty in World War II (2007 University of North Carolina Press) and Free to Die for their Country: The Story of the Japanese American Draft Resisters in World War II (2001 University of Chicago Press). He graduated from Brown University in 1984, where he was a Phi Beta Kappa member. He received his J.D. from Yale University in 1987.

Updated May 2008


Martha Nakagawa has worked in the Asian American press for the past two decades, and has been on staff with Asian Week, the Rafu Shimpo, and the Pacific Citizen. She frequently contributes to the Nikkei West, Hawaii Herald, Nichi Bei Times, and the Hokubei Mainichi. She passed away in July 2023 at the age of 56.

Updated August 2023


Debra Jean McCabe Redsteer is a full blood Navajo, whose clans are Red Bottom born for Bitter Water. McCabe Redsteer was born in Los Angeles, California. Her parents were among the thousands of AmerIndians relocated to the Los Angeles area and other big cities during the 1950’s in the federal government’s controversial relocation program. A Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, graduate of History in 2007, McCabe Redsteer currently works as administrative support assistant in the Department of History at California State University, Fullerton.

Updated June 2008


Andrew (Andy) Russell teaches history at Central New Mexico Community College in Albuquerque. He earned his Ph.D. in history at Arizona State University and has published several articles on Japanese Americans of the Interior West.

Updated April 2008


Jill Shiraki, a community organizer, is the project manager for the Preserving California’s Japantown Project.

Updated October 2008


Nancy Taniguchi, of Washington, D.C., earned a B.A. in Anthropology at the University of Arizona, then lived in Mexico City and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. She moved to Utah with her husband (a Utah native), where she earned her graduate degrees. She is now Professor of History at California State University, Stanislaus.

Updated February 28, 2008


Thomas (Tom) Walls has a Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Texas at Austin. He is currently Chief of Staff for the Oklahoma State Senate, where he has worked for the past nineteen years.

Updated March 2008


Hideo Yonenaka was born in San Jose, California in 1926 and grew up on a strawberry farm. From May 8, 1942 to May 13, 1946 he was incarcerated in the following concentration camps—Tanforan Assembly Center; Topaz, Utah; Tule Lake Center; Bismarck, North Dakota; and Santa Fe, New Mexico. Yonenaka earned a B.A. in Zoology from the University of California, Berkeley; a M.A. in Bacteriology; and a Ph.D. in Microbial Physiology from the University of Southern California. He served in the United States Army at the Army Chemical Center in Edgewood, Maryland. Yonenaka was a Microbiology and Biology instructor at San Francisco State University until his retirement in 1994. Happily married with two children and two precious granddaughters, Dr. Yonenaka likes to use his spare time to do watercolor and Sumi-e painting, read novels, watch sporting events, travel, and attempt to play golf. He is an active member of the Konko Church of San Francisco.

Updated August 22, 2008